Current issues in dissability studies activity 12 Essay

Current issues in dissability studies activity 12 - Essay Example t for successful transition, because an individual may perform better in one environment than the other; and the transition to adulthood encompasses several factors outlined above (Lones, 1997). However, some assessments are required to ascertain the level of individual involvement in the process; the level of parental involvement; the level of school involvement and the extent of involvement of other inter-agencies. When all these issues have been analyzed, it is possible to determine how successful the transition will be. The process of inclusion can depend on how much usefulness the disabled person to the society. If the person has acquired good education, such a person could be included in the working environment where such knowledge would be utilized. The person may also be included in the community activities. But when such an assessment has not been properly made, it may be difficult for the individual to be fully included in the society. Answer 2: There are certain issues that all parties (parents, schools, agencies etc) involved in helping a disabled individual undergo transition must take note of: (i) the individual must be given full support during the transition stage; (ii) the individual must be assessed periodically about the level of knowledge acquisition; (iii) the society must be patient for the individual to demonstrate his or her capability, which will encourage smooth inclusion; (iv) the individual must be encouraged at every stage of the transition and inclusion. Once the issues highlighted above have been taken good care of, the inclusion of such an individual in community activities, working environments, educational setting, and other places, would be smooth and

History of civil rights movement Essay Example for Free

History of civil rights movement Essay Civil rights movement can be described as the non violent protests against something that the public feels does not auger well with them. Dierenfield, (2004, pp 23) differentiates civil liberties and civil rights by describing the former as entailing the right of every citizen to receive fair treatment from his government whereas the latter, he says involves citizens gunning for fair treatment from their fellow citizens and local authorities. Therefore, civil rights can also be described as social rights. However, the mammoth effects of the civil rights movement against slavery and the more conspicuous civil movements against racial segregation have taken credit for defining the term. This paper discusses the civil rights movement in the US by tracing its history, the key leaders involved and how their activities influenced the American government of the time. History of civil rights movement Civil rights movement are most famous in the US between 1955 and 1965 where there happened numerous historical accounts led by civil rights leaders protesting against racial segregation in the US more so in the south. The leaders were mainly black who were protesting against mistreatment by their white counterparts who by then treated them as second class citizens. Key activists Martin Luther King This is definitely one of the most renowned African American leaders in fighting for equal rights for African Americans living in the US who were mainly descendants of early slaves. He is most remembered for leading the Montgomery bus boycott among other protests. This Montgomery bus boycott is recorded to have officially started on 1st December 1955. The boycott involved the black American living in that area boycotting using the city buses unless they were allowed to sit anywhere they wanted to sit in the bus instead of the area specifically set out for the blacks. The boycotts were triggered by the arrest of one woman Rosa Park who had defied giving up her sit to a white person in the bus. Having the fronts seats reserved for whites sonly, Rosa Parks defied the order o give up her seat and was subsequently arrested for that. Rosa Parks This is one woman who the US congress came to nickname the â€Å"mother of modern-day civil rights movements† (Boyd, et al 2004, pp 125). As said above, her defiance into giving in to mistreatment in the public transport system triggered the massive boycotts which were to last more than a year until their pleas were heard. Her arrest was even against t the law which she claimed to have observed. A 1900 law on segregation in the buses by race allowed the setting up of specific areas for blacks and whites in the bus but did not give specifications as to force one to vacate his/her seat for another in case there were no more seats. However, custom and culture and mis-configured the law and interpreted it for the benefits of the whites. Park was charged in a court of law and was found guilty but some of her friends bailed her out (Boyd, 2004, pp 125). The same friends who bailed Park out formed an organization by the name Montgomery Improvement Association to spearhead the boycotts and among the leaders was Martin Luther King Jr. Black churches were used in communicating about the boycott which was to last exactly 381 days. The public transport buses stood idle as 75% of the commuters had decide to either walk or used blacks operated taxis (Dierenfield, 2004, pp 23). The bus companies were making losses and thus they had also to join the blacks in calling for the abolition of the law on segregation in order to save their businesses. Leaders of the movement such as Martin Luther King had their homes torched by segregationists and their families threatened. The United States Supreme Court, on13th November 1956 outlawed racial segregation on buses operating within the individual states and cities. The court order was received with a lot of celebration in Montgomery on December 20, 1956, and the bus boycott ended the very next day. King did not stop there. He went ahead and met with President John F Kennedy who was also for equal rights for blacks. Unfortunately, changing the constitution to outlaw segregation by race was not that simple. Other protests were planned to push for what they believed was naturally theirs by the virtue of being a human being and an American citizen. The bus boycott had planted a seed of freedom in blacks. Since the need of the boycott, many cases wee reported where blacks were being accused of disrespecting the segregation laws or the Jim Crow’s laws as they were famously known. Other protest marches were also organized by Martin Luther and other fellow activists. The major ones being the Birmingham March, The freedom rides, The Washington march among many others (Dierenfield, 2004, pp 23). Unfortunately, the man was later to be assassinated due to his civil rights activities. Many of these subsequent marches turned violent with the local authorities and civil segregationists turning violent towards the protesters. One of the most violent march was the Birmingham march which involved children aged from 6 to 18. The local authorities used fie extinguisher hoses to chase the children out of Kelly Ingram Park where they had gathered. Many were injured and over 950 of them arrested. Jails were packed to the brim as more protests and arrests followed. The police had no other wise but to watch in despair as the marches took over the lives of everyone. Business was down and the economy of Birmingham was at a standstill. Finally, the Birmingham community had to give in. They allowed integration in the city’s eating counters and even offer equal employment services to the blacks (Boyd, 2004, pp 125). Medgar Evers This man specifically sought to have equal education rights for the blacks in America. Being a former army man during the Second World War, he felt his denial of entry at University of Mississippi Law School was race based which was not in harmony with his acceptance in the army as a full American citizen. He therefore challenged racial discrimination in education centers. The man also organized massive boycotts against gas stations that could not allow blacks and whites share restrooms (Newman, 2004, pp 164 ) Working under the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Evers had more avenues for airing his views. He therefore also organized campaigns for the blacks to be registered as voters. His attempt to have his friend admitted to the University of Mississippi attracted the intervention of the federal government after he had been denied entry on racial basis. Many interventions were to follow and more and more blacks found their way in to university. The whole process was to change on how blacks felt about themselves and even motivated them to seek integration in other areas and receive fair treatment as equal citizens with their white counterparts. Unfortunately, the man was also to be assassinated 1962 due to his involvement in the civil rights movement. However, his legacy of no violent protests and equal education rights were to be observed and remembered up to now. The culmination of all these deaths, arrests, marches and protests was the passing of the civil rights act of 1964 which outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places and employment which was introduced by President John F. Kennedy. This act was followed by the civil rights act of 1968 which criminalized discrimination in housing which had prior enforcement in the constitution (Newman, 2004, pp 165)

Essay on the Setting in Curtain of Green -- Curtain of Green Essays

The Setting in Curtain of Green      Place is one of the most distinctive factors in the development of Eudora Welty's writing and in her own evaluation of fiction in general. Welty considers setting to be a powerful tool for a writer of fiction. She sees setting as a way to provide roots for her characters and a realistic basis for her stories (Vande Kieft 8). In more general terms, Welty feels that place is so inherently important to the writing and receiving of fiction as a whole because of the set of feelings that are often associated with various places and the added realism that is gained by characters who are defined by their place (9). Welty's attitudes toward her settings are also important. Raised in Mississippi, the setting for nearly all of her stories, Welty possesses an understanding of the region, built through experience, that flourishes in her writing. Welty views setting as a vehicle through which she can provide roots for her characters (8). The union between setting and characters allows the reader to see the character in his setting, which ad...

Rapid Growth of Christianity in the First Centuries Essay

Account for the rapid growth of Christianity in the first centuries. Christianity spread rapidly from C.E for three hundred years until it was legalized. The fact that this religion spread so quickly is one of the most amazing feats in history – in just 300 years Christianity went from one person preaching about a God, to a legalized religion. One of the main reasons for this rapid growth is that Christianity was open to anyone, in Judaism, you were not automatically a Jew and some synagogues did not allow people to convert. The great thing about Christianity was that anybody could become a Christian. People often thought of Christianity as Judaism lite. This was because Christianity descended from Judaism and had a lot of the same beliefs – it was just easier to become a Christian and the rules were not quite as strict. Both Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic religions so they only believe in one god. The Jewish religion was attractive to gentiles – because of its monotheistic beliefs and moral code – who were tired of worshiping the Greek and Roman pantheons (Gods & Goddesses). It got to the point when Jewish Synagogues would no longer allow Christians in them so the Christians Christianity is said to have the highest standard of love to god and to man. Christianity often appealed to poor people who felt alienated by mainstream religions. Back then, most people would be able to speak fluent Greek, the fact that Christianity was written and mostly spoken in Greek made it appeal to the majority of the people because they could read it. Judaism however was spoken in Hebrew, so only people that could speak Hebrew could understand it. This is why the new testament was written in Greek. The Roman Empire had a weak religion, so it was very easy to get people to convert to Christianity. After a group of people converted, others often followed behind. So many people converted to Christianity that Rome became the ‘base’ of the religion. That Is why the Pope lives in Rome – this is where Christianity was ‘properly’ formed.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 11

The U-Haul whirred across smooth resonant pavement and Rashel tried to guess where they were. She had been drawing a map in her mind, trying to imagine each turn they made, each change of the road underneath them. Ivan sat slouched, blocking the back doors of the truck. His eyes were small and mean, and they flickered over the girls constantly. In his right hand he held a taser, a hand-held electrical stun gun, and Rashel knew he was dying to use it. But the cargo was being very docile. Daphne was beside Rashel, leaning against her very slightly for comfort, her dark blue eyes fixed vacantly on the far wall. They were shackled together: although both Lily and Ivan had been checking Daphne constantly for signs of waking up, they were dearly taking no chances. On the opposite side of the truck were the two other girls. One was Juanita, her wavy bronze hair tangled from two days of lying on it, her bee-stung lips parted, her gaze empty. The second girl was a towhead, with flyaway hair and Bambi eyes staring blankly. Ivan called her Missy. She was about twelve. Rashel allowed herself to daydream about things to do to Ivan. Then she focused. The van was stopping. Ivan jumped up, and a minute later he was opening the back doors. Then he and Lily were unshackling the girls and herding them out, telling them to hurry. Rashel breathed deeply, grateful for the fresh open air. Salty air. Keeping her gaze aimless and glassy, she looked around. It was twilight and they were on a Charlestown dock. â€Å"Keep moving,† Ivan said, a hand on her shoulder. Ahead, Rashel saw a sleek thirty-foot power cruiser bobbing gently in a slip. A figure with dark hair was on the deck, doing something with lines. Quinn. He barely glanced up as Ivan and Lily hustled the girls onto the boat, and he didn't help steady Missy when she almost lost her balance jumping from the dock. His mood had changed again, Rashel realized. He seemed withdrawn, turned inward, brooding. â€Å"Move!† Ivan shoved her, and for an instant, Quinn's attention shifted. He stared at Ivan with eyes like black death, endless and fathomless. He didn't say a word. Ivan's hand dropped from Rashers back. Lily led them down a short flight of steps to a cramped but neat little cabin and gestured them to an L-shaped couch behind a dinette table. â€Å"Here. Sit down. You two here. You two there.† Rashel slipped into her seat and stared vacantly across at the sink in the tiny galley. â€Å"You all stay here,† Lily said. â€Å"Don't move. Stay.† She would have made a great slave overseer, Rashel thought. Or dog trainer. When Lily had disappeared up the stairs and the door above had banged shut, Rashel and Daphne simultaneously let out their breath. â€Å"You doing okay?† Rashel whispered. â€Å"Yeah. A little shaky. Where d'you think we're going?† Rashel just shook her head. Nobody knew where the vampire enclaves were. An idea was beginning to form in her mind, though. There must be a reason they were traveling by boat-it would have been safer and easier to keep the prisoners in the U-Haul. Unless they were going to a place you couldn't get to by U-Haul. An island. Why shouldn't some of the enclaves be on islands? There were hundreds of them off the eastern coast. It was a very unsettling thought. On an island they would be completely isolated. Nowhere to escape to if things got bad. No possible hope of help from outside. Rashel was beginning to regret that she'd brought Daphne into this. And she had the ominous feeling that when they got to their destination, she was going to regret it even more. The boat sliced cleanly through the water, heading into darkness. Behind Quinn was the skyline of Boston, the city lights showing where the ocean ended and the land began. But ahead there was no horizon, no difference between sky and sea. There was only formless, endless void. The inky blackness was dotted with an occasional solitary winking light-herring boats. They only seemed to make the vastness of empty water more lonely. Quinn ignored Lily and Ivan. He was not in a good mood. He let the cold air soak into him, permeating his body, mixing with the cold he felt inside. He imagined himself freezing solid-a rather pleasant thought. Just get to the enclave, he thought emptily. Get it over with. This last batch of girls had upset him. He didn't know why, and he didn't want to think about it. They were vermin. All of them. Even the dark-haired one who was so lovely that it was almost too bad she was certifiably insane. The little blond one was crazy, too. The one who, having had the luck to fall out of the frying pan once, had come right back, coated herself with butter and breadcrumbs, and jumped in again. Idiot. Someone like that deserved†¦ Quinn's thought broke off. Somewhere deep inside him was a little voice saying that no one, however idiotic, deserved what was going to happen to those girls. You're the idiot. Just get them to the enclave and then you can forget all this. The enclave†¦ it was Hunter Redfern who had first thought of enclaves on islands. Because of Dove, he'd said. â€Å"We need a place where the Redferns can live safely, without looking over their shoulders for humans with stakes. An island would do.† Quinn hadn't objected to the classification of himself as a Redfern-although he had no intention of marrying Garnet or Lily. Instead he said, practically, â€Å"Fishermen visit those islands all the time. Humans are settling them. We'd have company soon.† â€Å"There are spells to guard places humans shouldn't go. I know a witch who'll do it, to protect lily and Garnet.† â€Å"Why?† Hunter had grinned. â€Å"Because she's their mother.† And Quinn had said nothing. Later he'd met Maeve Harman, the witch who had mingled her blood with the lamia. She didn't seem to like Hunter much, and she kept their youngest daughter, Roseclear, who was being raised as a witch, away from him. But she did the spell. And they'd all moved to the island, where Garnet finally gave up on Quinn and married a boy from a nice lamia family. Her children were allowed to carry on the Redfern name. And as time went on, other enclaves had sprung up†¦. But none quite like the one Quinn was heading for now. He shifted on his seat in the cockpit. Ahead, there was a horizon again. A luminous silver moon was rising above the pond-still dark water. It shone like an enchantment, as if to guide Quinn's way. Scrrrunch. Rashel winced as the boat docked. Somebody wasn't being careful. But they'd arrived, and it could only be an island. They'd been heading east for over two hours. Daphne lifted her head weakly. â€Å"I don't care if they eat us the minute we get off, as long as I get to feel solid ground again.† â€Å"This practically is solid ground,† Rashel whispered. â€Å"It's been dead calm the whole way.† â€Å"Tell that to my stomach.† Daphne moaned, and Rashel poked her. Someone was coming down the stairs. It was Lily. Ivan waited above with the taser. They herded the girls off the boat and up onto a little dock. Rashel did her vacant-eyed staring around again, blessing the moonlight that allowed her to see. It wasn't much of a dock. One wharf with a gas pump and a shack. There were three other powerboats in slips. And that was all. Rashel couldn't see any sign of life. The boats rode like ghost ships on the water. There was silence except for the slap of the waves. Private island, Rashel thought. Something about the place made the hair on the back of her neck rise. With Lily in front and Ivan in back, the group was herded to a hiking trail that wound up a cliff. It's just an island, Rashel told herself. You should be dancing with joy. This is the enclave you wanted to get to. There's nothing†¦ uncanny†¦ about this place. And then, as they reached the top of the cliff, she saw the rocks. Big rocks. Monoliths that reminded her eerily of Stonehenge. It looked as if a giant had scattered them around. And there were houses built among them, perched on the lonely cliff, looking down on the vast dark sea. They all seemed deserted, and somehow they reminded Rashel of gargoyles, hunched and waiting. Lily was headed for the very last house on the sandy unpaved road. It was one of those huge â€Å"summer cottages† that was really a mansion. A massive white frame house, two and a half stories high, with elaborate ornamentation. Shock coursed through Rashel. A frame house. Wood. This place wasn't built by vampires. The lamia built out of brick or fieldstone, not out of the wood that was lethal to them. They must have bought this island from humans. Rashel was tingling from head to toe. This is definitely not a normal enclave. Where are all the people? Where's the town? What are we doing here? â€Å"Move, move.† Lily marched them around the back of the house and inside. And at last, Rashel heard the sounds of other life. Voices from somewhere inside the house. But she didn't get to see who the voices belonged to. Lily was taking them into a big old-fashioned kitchen, past a pantry with empty shelves. At the end of the pantry was a heavy wooden door, and on a stool by the door was a boy about Rashel's age. He had bushy brown hair and was wearing cowboy boots. He was reading a comic book. â€Å"Hey, Rudi,† Lily said crisply. â€Å"How're our guests?† â€Å"Quiet as little lambs.† Rudi's voice was laconic, but he stood up respectfully as Lily went by. His eyes flickered over Rashel and the other girls. Werewolf. Rashel's instincts were screaming it. And the name†¦ werewolves often had names like Lovell or Felan that meant wolf in their native language. Rudi meant â€Å"famous wolf† in Hungarian. Best guards in the world, Rashel thought grimly. Going to be hard to get past him. Rudi was opening the door. With Lily prodding her from behind, Rashel walked down a narrow, extremely steep staircase. At the base of the stairway was another heavy door. Rudi unlocked it and led the way. Rashel stepped into the cellar. What she saw was something she'd never seen before. A large low-ceilinged room. Dimly lit. With two rows of twelve iron beds along opposite walls. There was a girl in each bed. Teenage girls. All ages, all sizes, but every one beautiful in her own unique way. It looked like a hospital ward or a prison. As Rashel walked between the rows, she had to fight to keep her face blank. These girls were chained to the beds, and awake†¦ and scared. Frightened eyes looked at Rashel from every cot, then darted toward the werewolf. Rudi grinned at them, waving and nodding to either side. The girls shrank away. Only a few seemed brave enough to say anything. â€Å"Please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"How long do we have to stay here?† â€Å"I want to go home!† The last two beds in each row were empty. Rashel was put into one. Daphne looked both sick and frightened as the shackles dosed over her ankles, but she went on gamely staring straight ahead. â€Å"Sleep tight, girlies,† Rudi said. â€Å"Tomorrow's a big day.† And then he and Lily and Ivan walked out. The heavy wooden door slammed behind them, echoing in the stone-walled cellar. Rashel sat up in one motion. Daphne twisted her head. â€Å"Is it safe to talk?† she whispered. â€Å"I think so,† Rashel said in a normal voice. She was staring with narrowed eyes down the rows of beds. Some of the girls were looking at them, some were crying. Some had their eyes shut. Daphne burst out with the force of a breaking dam, â€Å"What are they going to do to us?† â€Å"I don't know,† Rashel said. Her voice was hard and flat, her movements disciplined and precise, as she slid the knife out of her boot. â€Å"But I'm going to find out.† â€Å"What, you're gonna saw through the chains?† â€Å"No.† From a guard on the side of the sheath, Rashel pulled a thin strip of metal. She bared her teeth slightly in a smile. â€Å"I'm going to pick the lock.† â€Å"Oh. Okay. Great. But then what? I mean, what's happening here? What kind of place is this? I was expecting some kind of-of Roman slave auction or something, with, like, everybody dressed in togas and vampires waving and bidding-â€Å" â€Å"You may still see something like that,† Rashel said. â€Å"I agree, it's weird. This is not a normal enclave. I don't know, maybe it's some kind of holding center, and they're going to take us someplace else to sell us†¦.† â€Å"Actually, I'm afraid not,† a quiet voice to her left said. Rashel turned. The girl in the bed beside her was sitting up. She had flaming red hair, wistful eyes, and a diffident manner. â€Å"I'm Fayth,† she said. â€Å"Shelly,† Rashel said briefly. She didn't trust anyone here yet. â€Å"That's Daphne. What do you mean, you're afraid not?† â€Å"They're not taking us somewhere else to sell us.† Fayth looked almost apologetic. â€Å"Well, I'd like to know what they're going to do with us here,† Rashel said. She sprung one lock on the shackles and jabbed the lockpick into the other. â€Å"Twenty-four girls on an island with one inhabited house? It's insane.† â€Å"It's a bloodfeast.† Rashel's hand on the lockpick went still. She looked over at Fayth and said very softly, â€Å"What?† â€Å"They're having a bloodfeast. On the spring equinox, I think. Starting tomorrow night at midnight.† Daphne was reaching across the gap for Rashel. â€Å"What, what? What's a bloodfeast? Tell me.† â€Å"It's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Rashel dragged her attention from Fayth. â€Å"It's a feast for vampires. A big celebration, a banquet. Three courses, you know.† She looked around the room. â€Å"Three girls. And there are twenty-four of us†¦.† â€Å"Enough for eight vampires,† Fayth said quietly, looking apologetic. â€Å"So you're saying that they take a little blood from each of three girls.† Daphne was leaning anxiously toward Rashel. â€Å"That's what you're saying, right? Right? A little sip here, a little sip there-† She broke off as Rashel and Fayth both looked at her. â€Å"You're not saying that.† â€Å"Daphne, I'm sorry I got you into this.† Rashel took a breath and opened the second lock on her shackles, avoiding Daphne's eyes. â€Å"The idea of a bloodfeast is that you drink the blood of three people in one day. All their blood. You drain them.† Daphne opened her mouth, shut it, then at last said pathetically, â€Å"And you don't burst?† Rashel smiled bleakly in spite of herself. â€Å"It's supposed to be the ultimate high or something. You get the power of their blood, the power of their lifeforce, all at once.† She looked at Fayth. â€Å"But it's been illegal for a long time.† Fayth nodded. â€Å"So's slavery. I think somebody wants it to make a comeback.† â€Å"Any idea who?† â€Å"All I know is that somebody very rich has invited seven of the most powerful made vampires here for the feast. Whoever he is, he really wants to show them a good time.† â€Å"To make an alliance,† Rashel said slowly. â€Å"Maybe.† â€Å"The made vampires ganging up against the lamia.† â€Å"Possibly.† â€Å"And the spring equinox†¦ they're celebrating the anniversary of the first made vampire. The day Maya bit Thierry.† â€Å"Definitely.† â€Å"Just wait a minute,† Daphne said. â€Å"Just everybody press pause, okay? How come you know about all this stuff?† She was staring at Fayth. â€Å"Made vampires, this vampires, that vampires, Maya†¦ I never heard of any of these people.† â€Å"Maya was the first of the lamia,† Rashel said rapidly, glancing back at her. â€Å"She's the ancestress of all the vampires who can grow up and have children-the family vampires. The made vampires are different. They're humans who get made into vampires by being bitten. They can't grow any older or have kids.† â€Å"And Thierry was the first human to get made into a vampire,† Fayth said. â€Å"Maya bit him on the spring equinox†¦ thousands of years ago.† Rashel was watching Fayth closely. â€Å"So now maybe you'll answer her question,† she said. â€Å"How do you know all this? No humans know about Night World history-except vampire hunters and damned Daybreakers.† Fayth winced, and then Rashel understood why she seemed so apologetic. â€Å"I'm a damned Daybreaker.† â€Å"Oh, God.† â€Å"What's a Daybreaker?† Daphne prompted, poking Rashel. â€Å"Circle Daybreak is a group of witches who're trying to get humans and Night People to†¦ I don't know, all dance around and drink Coke together,† Rashel said, nonplussed. She was confused and revolted-this girl had seemed so normal, so sensible. â€Å"To live in harmony, actually,† Fayth said to Daphne. â€Å"To stop hating and killing each other.† Daphne wrinkled her nose. â€Å"You're a witch?† â€Å"No. I'm human. But I have friends who're witches. I have friends who're vampires. I know lamia and humans who're soulmates-â€Å" â€Å"Don't be disgusting!† Rashel almost shouted it. It took her a moment to get hold of herself. Then, breathing carefully, she said, â€Å"Look, just watch it, Daybreaker. I need your information, so I'm willing to work with you-temporarily. But watch the language or I'll leave you here when I get the rest of us out. Then you can live in harmony with eight vampires on your own.† Despite her effort at control, her voice was shaking. Somehow Fayth's words seemed to keep echoing in her mind, as if they had some strange arid terrible importance. The word soulmates itself seemed to ricochet around inside her. And Fayth was acting oddly, too. Instead of getting mad, she just looked at Rashel long and steadily. Then she said softly, â€Å"I see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Rashel didn't like the way she said it. She turned toward Daphne, who was saying eagerly, â€Å"So we're going to get out of here? Like a prison break?† â€Å"Of course. And we'll have to do it fast.† Rashel narrowed her eyes, trying to think. â€Å"I assumed we'd have more time†¦ and there's that werewolf to get past. And then once we do get out, we're on an island. That's bad. We can't live long out in the wild-it's too cold and they'd track us. But there has to be a way†¦.† She glanced at Fayth. â€Å"I don't suppose there's any chance of other Daybreakers showing up to help.† Fayth shook her head. â€Å"They don't know I'm here. We'd heard that something was going on in a Boston club, that somebody was gathering girls for a bloodfeast. I came to check it out-and got nabbed before I made my first report.† â€Å"So we're on our own. That's all right.† Rashel's mind was in gear now, humming with ideas. â€Å"Okay, first, we'll have to see what these girls can do-which of them can help us-â€Å" Fayth and Daphne were listening intently, when Rashel was interrupted by the last thing she expected to hear in a place like this. The sound of somebody shouting her name. â€Å"Rashel! Rashel the vampire hunter! Rashel the Cat!†

The Meaning of Bimodal in Statistics

The Meaning of Bimodal in Statistics A data set is bimodal if it has two modes. This means that there is not a single data value that occurs with the highest frequency.  Instead, there are two data values that tie for having the highest frequency. Example of a Bimodal Data Set To help to make sense of this definition, we will look at an example of a set with one mode, and then contrast this with a bimodal data set. Suppose we have the following set of data: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10 We count the frequency of each number in the set of data: 1 occurs in the set three times2 occurs in the set four times3 occurs in the set one time4 occurs in the set one time5 occurs in the set two times6 occurs in the set three times7 occurs in the set three times8 occurs in the set one time9 occurs in the set zero times10 occurs in the set two times Here we see that 2 occurs most often, and so it is the mode of the data set.   We contrast this example to the following 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 We count the frequency of each number in the set of data: 1 occurs in the set three times2 occurs in the set four times3 occurs in the set one time4 occurs in the set one time5 occurs in the set two times6 occurs in the set three times7 occurs in the set five times8 occurs in the set one time9 occurs in the set zero times10 occurs in the set five times Here 7 and 10 occur five times. This is higher than any of the other data values. Thus we say that the data set is bimodal, meaning that it has two modes. Any example of a bimodal dataset will be similar to this. Implications of a Bimodal Distribution The mode is one way to measure the center of a set of data. Sometimes the average value of a variable is the one that occurs most often.  For this reason, it is important to see if a data set is bimodal. Instead of a single mode, we would have two. One major implication of a bimodal data set is that it can reveal to us that there are two different types of individuals represented in a data set. A histogram of a bimodal data set will exhibit two peaks or humps. For example, a histogram of test scores that are bimodal will have two peaks. These peaks will correspond to where the highest frequency of students scored. If there are two modes, then this could show that there are two types of students: those who were prepared for the test and those who were not prepared.

Top 8 Tools You Need to Use For Salary Research

Top 8 Tools You Need to Use For Salary Research Here at TheJobNetwork, we talk a lot about the job hunt, and your career path. Revamping your resume, searching for the perfect job opportunity, getting your smile and handshake ready for the interview†¦all crucial career elements. But what about the most practical career consideration of all: your salary? You need a paycheck to pay for life’s basic necessities, and the goal for most of us is to keep building on that so that we’re able to live comfortably while doing something fulfilling. Sure, dreams of Ferraris and designer clothes are great, but in reality most of us are just looking for solid pay for a day’s work. For years, salary was kind of a taboo subject- you didn’t talk about what you earned with anyone but your employer. And even now, there are a lot of unwritten rules: don’t bring up salary during an interview, let them mention money first, etc. So how do you know what you should (and could) be making? Where do you even start? Letâ €™s look at the top tools you can use to research salary, and figure out what you’re worth in the workplace.U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsIf you like stats and charts, this is the place for you. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics is the data-heavy arm of the U.S. Department of Labor. It’s a comprehensive resource for information about just about any career you can think of, with an extensive database providing information about employment rates, regional employment information, job outlooks and projections, median salaries, U.S. employment trends, occupation profiles, and demographic information.Pros: It’s not just a salary resource, but also one for general career information. You can find out not only what people are making in your field, but also what the requirements are, and job descriptions.Cons: Occupation information tends to be very high-level, without much variance for different job titles. Also, the salary information is usually median, so it ca n be tough to see the full range of salary info.PayScalePayScale is a massive salary database that is available to employers (to help them figure out what to pay) and employees/job hunters (to help them figure out what they’re worth, based on job title, industry, and region). Users can create a custom profile based on their current job, a job offer they’re considering, or just general job research. The site also offers general information and research on fair compensation, salary negotiation, and salary best practices.Pros: Casual users can get a free â€Å"salary report† based on experience or location.Cons: Much of the research and features of the â€Å"largest salary profile database in the world† are available as premium software for employers. Also, expect to give detailed (though non-personally identifiable) information about your current job title, salary, location, etc. in order to get your salary report.Salary.comLike PayScale, Salary.com is a co mprehensive salary software that draws on a massive database of salary information, parsed out by region, job title, experience, etc. It has an enterprise software component for businesses and employers to research and compare salary data, as well as a free salary profile available to employees and job searchers. Notably, the site also has a Cost-of-Living Wizard, which lets you enter information and determine what your cost of living would be in various locations. This is very helpful if you’re moving and need to find a job, or are considering transferring in your current job.Pros: Straightforward interface, and a huge database of job and salary information. The site also has a number of general job search and career development articles.Cons: Many of its resources are available as paid options.Idealist Career Salary SurveysIf you work for a nonprofit company, or are looking for a job with one, you know that they can be a different kind of beast than their corporate siblings . Compensation may be handled differently, so the standard resources might not be as helpful. If you’re looking for info on nonprofit careers, Idealist has compiled a number of different links and surveys to help you find the information you want on working for nonprofits.Pros: It’s a comprehensive resource for nonprofit career information (job openings, career development, pay and benefits information).Cons: The focus is limited to nonprofits, so it can be difficult to compare nonprofit salaries and jobs to other fields and industries.BufferIdeally, all of our companies would have a salary calculator where we could plug in our job title and level of experience, and see what the salary range is. (I mean, we’re all a little nosy about what other people are making, right?) Practicality often calls for more discretion, and most companies would prefer not to have that knowledge public. The exception to that rule: Buffer, a social media company who has pioneered the whole â€Å"transparent salary† concept over the past few years. Their Transparent Salary Calculator really only tells you what you’d be making if you worked at Buffer, but it’s still a handy tool for reference.Pros: If you have a similar job title and level of experience, this can help give you a baseline to take with you into a new job offer salary negotiation, or a request for a raise. Also, yay transparency!Cons: It’s very specific to a small social media company, so if you have a role outside of the 20 or so job types listed at Buffer, it’s not especially helpful.Educate to Career Job Seekers Salary CalculatorIf you’ve been around the block for a while, career-wise, you probably know roughly what people make in your field, or what you can expect long term. If you’re just starting out, say, as a recent grad, you probably don’t have that sense yet. Educate to Career helps students, recent graduates, or other job seekers figu re out what they can make based on the field, job title, relevant experience, and location.Pros: The database covers all states and regions, and factors in education level as a predictor of salary. It’s a straightforward search, and gives information on median salary, starting salary, top earner salaries, and likely market salaries. The states are broken down into regions, which gives very specific reports.Cons: The site is very student-focused, so the general career information is geared more toward students and soon-to-be grads than the average job hunter.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionWhether you’re figuring out your market value or hoping to negotiate a higher salary for yourself, it’s important to know what’s legal or illegal when it comes to your pay. The U.S. government’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) publishes information about discrimination, equal pay, and the latest legislation that affects employee compensa tion.Pros: If you’re concerned that you’re being underpaid or discriminated against by your employer, this is an excellent place to start.Cons: It’s not a huge database, or a flashy interface- just straightforward information about employment practices.Salary ExpertIf you want to know more about salary on a global scale, Salary Expert has a database for that. Like other salary search engines, Salary Expert allows you to get reports and make comparisons on salary and cost of living across the globe.Pros: If you’re fantasizing about moving to London but are concerned about your earning potential and the cost of living, this is the tool to use. You can browse salary and cost of living data without signing up for any services.Cons: The most advanced salary data is part of a premium software package purchase.Next Steps After You’ve ResearchedOnce you know what you’re worth, you’ve got the tools you need to move toward your higher salary. W e’ve got you covered on what to do next:Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating SalaryHow to Earn a Six-Figure Salary in Your Lifetime11 Tips for Getting the Salary You WantHow to Negotiate Your Salary in An Interview6 Tips for Negotiating the Salary You WantWhen you’re ready to talk money, you should have every possible tool at your disposal. These resources can help you be armed and ready to advocate for yourself, and make sure that you’re exactly where you should be- or could be. Good luck!

How to Use Dialogues in Class

How to Use Dialogues in Class Its easy to get stuck in a rut when using dialogues in class, but these teaching tools are full of potential. Here are some activities that use dialogue beyond just rote reading and parroting.   Use Dialogues to Practice Stress and Intonation Dialogues can come in handy when working on stress and intonation. Students move beyond focusing on single phonemic pronunciation issues and concentrate instead on bringing the right intonation and stress to larger structures. Students can play with meaning through stress by creating dialogues that focus on stressing individual words to clarify meaning. Use dialogues that students are familiar with so that they can focus on pronunciation rather than vocabulary, new forms, etc.Introduce students to the concept of using stress and intonation to highlight content words while brushing over function words.Ask students to highlight their dialogues by marking the content words in each of their lines.Students practice the dialogues together focusing on improving their pronunciation through stress and intonation. Base Impromptu Skits on Dialogues One of my favorite uses of shorter language function dialogues (i.e. shopping, ordering in a restaurant, etc.) for lower levels is to extend the activity by first practicing dialogues, and then asking students to act out dialogues without any help. If you are practicing a number of dialogues, you can add an element of chance by having students pick their target situation out of a hat. Provide numerous short situational dialogues for a target linguistic function. For example, for shopping students can practice exchanges of trying on clothing, asking for help, asking for a different size, paying for items, asking for a friends advice, etc.Have students practice each situation multiple times.Write each situation on a small piece of paper.Students choose a situation randomly and act it out on the spot without any dialogue cues. Extend Dialogues to full Blown Productions Some situational dialogues just call out for full blown productional values. For example, when practicing modal verbs of deduction using a dialogue to make suppositions about what might have happened makes a perfect scenario for practice. Students can begin with a dialogue to get the gist of a scenario, and then let their imaginations take over. Introduce target structure in class. Good structures for longer skits include: conditional forms, reported speech, modal verbs of deduction, speculating about the future, imagining a different past (past modal verbs of deduction).Provide a dialogue with targeted structure as inspiration.Divide the class up into smaller groups, each in the group should have a role.Using the dialogue as a model, students should create their own longer multiple person skit.Students practice and then perform for the rest of the class. Paraphrase Dialogues Paraphrasing dialogues can help students focus on related structures. Begin slowly by asking students to substitute or paraphrase shorter forms. End with more extended dialogues. Provide short dialogues to students and ask them paraphrase shorter phrases. For example, if the dialogue asks for suggestions with a phrase such as Lets go out tonight, students should be able to come up with Why dont we go out tonight, How about going out for a night on the town, etc.Hand out a few different dialogues, ask students to read the dialogue and then create another dialogue on the fly without using the same exact words. Students can take a look at the original lines, but must use other words and phrases.Ask students to read a dialogue to another pair. This pair in turn attempts to repeat the dialogue through paraphrase. As a variation to this exercises for lower level classes, students can expand their use of a wider variety of vocabulary and expressions by using gap fill dialogues. Students still have the structure of the dialogues to hold on to, but must fill in the gaps for the dialogues to make sense.

HU300 unit 6 DB topic 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HU300 unit 6 DB topic 1 - Research Paper Example zierka was able to effectively add a universal appeal to this piece of literature and create a strong link to the audience through the use of pathos as the rhetorical appeal. By making the audience feel the emotions being described to be felt by the main character, the audience empathized and sympathized with her. There were mixed emotions that were apparently exhibited by Hanneh: from being proud and jubilant after she successfully painted her kitchen white; to being anxious and worried after her landlord raised her rent for the first time; and to eventually being enraged, vengeful and distraught after the landlord raised her rent for the second time; and finally, being remorseful, distraught, almost at the verge of losing her mind when she furiously destroyed the beautifulness that apparently caused her misery. In Janaro & Altshuler’s (2012) book, epiphany was explicitly noted as providing an â€Å"insight into life or human nature† (97). In Hanneh’s story, epiphany, which also means a sudden realization, was demonstrated at the climax of the story when she realized that ironically, the cause of all her misery is her desire to emulate the possession of beauty and elegance from the white kitchen she envied from Mrs. Preston and to hope for democracy as she was expectantly made to believe that she could be capable of

Female circumssion in Africa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Female circumssion in Africa - Assignment Example Female circumcision, female genital mutilation (FGM), and female genital cutting (FGC) all define the cultural practice of totally or partially removing the external female genitals or genitalia (Bacquet-Walsh, Jordan and Moneti par. 1). The World Health Organization (WHO) (par. 1) describes female genital mutilation (FGM) as all methods that entail the total or partial removal of the female external genitalia, or other form of injury to the female organs for reasons that are non-medical. The least form of FGC is the removal of the clitoris. The removal of the whole external genitalia is the most severe type of FGC; the vaginal opening of the victim is nearly closed. A small opening is left for menstrual blood and urine (Bacquet-Walsh, Jordan and Moneti par. 1). Althaus (130) states that female circumcision has been practiced for a long time in parts of Africa and it is considered as an element of rite passage in preparation for the young girls’ marriage and womanhood. The procedure is usually performed in the absence of an anesthetic and/or under septic environments by individuals (practitioners) with little or no knowledge of medicine or human anatomy. In other words, the practice is usually performed by traditional circumcisers who play a significant role in the community like attending childbirths. However, the trend is changing and it is being performed by health care providers (WHO par. 2). Medical professionals also perform the practice for a fee. Among the population, FGM/FGC can be carried out by male barbers, herbalists, a female relative, members of the secret society, and traditional health practitioners (United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] par. 8). FGM or female circumcision is recognized globally as the violation of girls’ and women’s human rights. It expresses the deep-rooted inequality between the sexes and entails an extreme type of discrimination against the women. It is normally carried out on small girls and it is a

Costs in Arbitration Proceedings and Tribunals Assignment

Costs in Arbitration Proceedings and Tribunals - Assignment Example the arbitrators and administrative expenses set by the tribunal, in agreement with the scale in power at the instance of the start of the arbitral proceedings, also the fees and expenses of given experts selected by the Arbitral Tribunal and the sensible legal and other costs sustained by the parties for the arbitration. Miss Duval as arbitrator must itemize expenses on the statement of cost in a layout certified by the General Counsel and must state the name and contacts to which payment must be made (Booter Construction Limited). In the situation whereby there is need for rate adjustment proceeding, every statement of cost must indicate each partys portion of the sum cost and the sum owed by that party, or otherwise, reflects the technique of payment approved upon by the arbitrator and parties. The procedure of assessment of costs involve systematic approach whereby Miss Duval must evaluate the costs involve and fairly make the award of costs, in accordance to existing laws and reg ulation. The Arbitration Act 1996 regulation would assist Miss Duval in the assessment of costs as it gives some standards to be followed by arbitrators in the assessment of the costs. All the principles are not mandatory as in some cases the parties may contract out. According to Section 61 chapter two, the arbitrator is suppose to award costs on the broad principle that costs should be attached to the event in case the two parties do not contract out. This means that the arbitrator, in order to come up with the costs; need to follow the case and its unique circumstances. According to section 63 of arbitration Act 1996 that discusses the recoverable costs of the arbitration.1 Section 1 declares that the parties are at liberty to concur what expenses and fees of the arbitration are recoverable. These provisions can assist Miss Duval in the procedure of assessing the cost since all the provisions and requirements are stipulated. This case declares that Miss Duval has been instructed to

Contemporary Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Contemporary Management - Assignment Example Organisations are established with the aim of being successful in meeting set objectives for the management. Being successful in Organisational management requires interplay of many factors. It is a whole process ranging from people management to successful application of strategies that deliver expected outcomes. In addition, there are many interpersonal and intrapersonal skills which when effectively implemented, are crucial towards achieving success in established organizations. In order to appear effective and successful, most Organisational managers themselves competitive advantages by scouting for best talents in human resources. In doing this, they hope that the key personnel can successfully achieve business objectives and deliver quality work to attract clients, hence becoming successful (Right Management 2014, para 1). Generally, there are many tools, strategies and formulas available to managers on how they can effectively work with both human and non-human resources to meet strategic goals and achieve Organisational objectives. Many of the tools available to managers will always present an extensive analysis of a single tool giving it more preference. When managers apply this tool it becomes strength to the organisation. Having wide knowledge about a certain concept is a huge advantage since it gives an organisation a competitive advantage. When the challenge arises it is usually effectively tackled and the organisation continues with normal operations without worries and doubts (British Quality Foundation, n.d, para, 2-3). However, the above approach is not very desirable in effective organizational management, there are many areas that drive overall success in organizations. Being good in one area alone means there are many others sidelined. This may bring a scenario where benefits from a particular initiative may not be celebrated or shared in the entire business organisation. Quality standards stipulate that

Truth Telling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Truth Telling - Essay Example There are a number of disciplines that do not encourage lying. Such a discipline as medicine and its related subsets require truthful interaction between doctors and patients in order to achieve the effectiveness of both the diagnosis and treatment. Honesty is a relative concept in the health care ethics. For a long time, medical practitioners had assumed that patients told the truth about their conditions but as studies later proved, the effectiveness of a diagnosis relies on the amount of information that both parties in the process give each other thereby prompting the encouragement of truth from both the doctor and the patient. Just as doctors require as much accurate information from their patients in order to make factual diagnosis, patients also need to know their conditions thereby prompting the doctors to tell their patients the truth. Additionally, some professions within the practice of medicine rely entirely on dialogues between patients and doctors. Such therapeutic prac tices as psychoanalysis thus rely on the truthful interaction between the two in order to develop effective treatment plans. Truth telling in the practice also includes the process of reporting errors. During the practice, doctors are likely just as any other human to make errors. The factuality with which they report such help develops an effective address mechanism thereby preventing or minimizing harm. Most patients sue the organizations in such cases, a truthful account of the error to both the management and the concerned party aids faster mitigation of the errors thereby giving them an opportunity to develop an understanding. Besides the professional obligations in the practice of medicine, a number of reasons validate truth telling some of which include the fact that lying is an inherent wrong. Lying is a social vise that everyone detests. People may therefore lie depending on the relativity of the scenarios but they all consider lying as a social evil, which they therefore d iscourage. Parents strive to develop honesty personalities in their children. Such develop cohesive families in which the members do not hurt one another. Collective responsibility to uphold honesty in people results in the development of an ideal society in which people do not withhold the truth from others. Honesty is relative and infers diverse meanings all of which begin from truth telling1. This way, the society thus becomes one with minimal evil. Patients on the other hand entrust their lives on the professionalism in their doctors. They thus do not expect the doctors to lie to them. Owing to this, patients tell their doctors truths about their conditions and expect their doctors to do the same from the doctors. Acting indifferently by lying in such an essential communication process breaks the trust of either party, thereby impairing the effectiveness of the process. Additionally, lying creates a barrier between patients and their doctors. The diagnosis relies on the factuali ty of the communication process between the two. By each party lying to the other thus hampers the effectiveness of the diagnosis thereby impairing the treatment. Doctors for example are always in charge of the conversation. They therefore need to create an enabling environment for their patients to offer as much information with them about their condition as possible. They can only achieve this by appearing honest with

Contemporary Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Contemporary Management - Assignment Example Organisations are established with the aim of being successful in meeting set objectives for the management. Being successful in Organisational management requires interplay of many factors. It is a whole process ranging from people management to successful application of strategies that deliver expected outcomes. In addition, there are many interpersonal and intrapersonal skills which when effectively implemented, are crucial towards achieving success in established organizations. In order to appear effective and successful, most Organisational managers themselves competitive advantages by scouting for best talents in human resources. In doing this, they hope that the key personnel can successfully achieve business objectives and deliver quality work to attract clients, hence becoming successful (Right Management 2014, para 1). Generally, there are many tools, strategies and formulas available to managers on how they can effectively work with both human and non-human resources to meet strategic goals and achieve Organisational objectives. Many of the tools available to managers will always present an extensive analysis of a single tool giving it more preference. When managers apply this tool it becomes strength to the organisation. Having wide knowledge about a certain concept is a huge advantage since it gives an organisation a competitive advantage. When the challenge arises it is usually effectively tackled and the organisation continues with normal operations without worries and doubts (British Quality Foundation, n.d, para, 2-3). However, the above approach is not very desirable in effective organizational management, there are many areas that drive overall success in organizations. Being good in one area alone means there are many others sidelined. This may bring a scenario where benefits from a particular initiative may not be celebrated or shared in the entire business organisation. Quality standards stipulate that

Scavenger Hunt Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scavenger Hunt Worksheet - Essay Example 1. Datamonitor Business Information Center provides detailed coverage of companies, industries, and countries. Included are over 10,000 country profiles, over 2000 industry profiles, and over 50 country profiles. 2. Investext Plus provides complete images in PDF format of analysts’ reports on a variety of industries and publicly traded companies. The reports found in Investext Plus can be used for access to detailed information about earnings, growth, market share, and other aspects of company and industry performance. 3. EIU ® Viewswire ® provides current coverage of political and economic trends in 195 countries. Risk analysis and economic forecasts are provided for virtually all nations. This resource is recommended for courses in economics and international business. 4. Business Insights, formerly known as Reuters Business Insight offers in-depth research reports regarding industries, marketing, and technologies. This database is recommended for courses in business and technology management. 1. Did you know that the University of Phoenix Library has librarians available to help you with your Master’s Level research? An electronic form sends the librarian a request on a topic, a journal, or any other library resource. Our Ask a Librarian service is your pathway to obtaining professional guidance and recommendations regarding your research. For those challenging topics, ask a librarian for his or her professional research assistance. 2. The Center for Writing Excellence is another fabulous tool made available to you by the University of Phoenix. Not only can you submit a paper to the grammar checker and get a corrected paper back within minutes, but you can also check your paper automatically for plagiarism to make sure you cited all of your research correctly. Along with these valuable reviewing tools are several tutorials and guides to assist you in producing the finest work possible.

Heat of Combustion Essay Example for Free

Heat of Combustion Essay Mapua Institute of Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Physical Chemistry I Experiment No. 6 Heat of Combustion Alain John Cantaa, Jefunnie Matahumb, Marife Comprac, Nino Adrian Rodelasa, a b Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Bachelor of Science in Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering c Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Heat of combustion Calorimeter Aromaticity Relative energies Heat of formation Date submitted: March 02, 2013 ABSTRACT The heat of combustion, ? H, can be measured through a bomb calorimeter. It is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat. It may be expressed with the quantities: energy/mole of fuel (kJ/mol), energy/mass of fuel, energy/volume of fuel. The heat of combustion is conventionally measured with a bomb calorimeter. It may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of formation of the products and reactants. The experiment aimed to determine the heat of combustion of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose and to be familiarized with calibration of bomb calorimeter. Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter, a device that measures heat of combustions of different compounds, and the Parr 6510 water handling system were used. The samples used were benzoic acid, naphthalene and sucrose. The results of the experiment showed that naphthalene has the highest heat of combustion followed by benzoic acid and sucrose, respectively. The analysis of the molecular structure of the samples found that increasing aromaticity of compounds yield to a higher enthalpy of combustion. Discussion of the relative energies of the bonds broken in combustion had contributed to the overall concept of the experiment. In general, the heat of combustion of a certain compound can be measured in a typical bomb calorimeter and aromaticity is directly proportional to the heat of combustion of a particular compound. . Introduction Combustion is the chemical term for a process known more commonly as burning. It is one of the earliest chemical changes noted by humans, due at least in part to the dramatic effects it has on materials. 1The mechanism by which combustion takes place is well understood and is more correctly defined as a form of oxidation. This oxidation occurs so rapidly that noticeable 1 Charles E. Smith heat and light are produced. In general, the term oxidation refers to any chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen. For example, when iron is exposed to air, it combines with oxygen in the air. That form of oxidation is known as rust. Combustion differs from rust in that the oxidation occurs much more rapidly, giving off heat in the process. The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic process where the change in internal energy is equal to the difference in heat added and work done by the system. When a chemical reaction occurs in an open container most of the energy gained or lost is in the form of heat. Calorimetry is the study of the measure of heat of both physical and chemical reaction. In a constant-volume calorimeter, the heat measured, qv is simply the internal energy of the system for no expansion work is done at constant volume. A calorimeter is the device used for the process of calorimetry. 3 There are many kinds of calorimeters namely the bomb calorimeter, the calvet-type calorimeter, the isothermal calorimeter, the differential scanning calorimeter and the constant-pressure calorimter. Calorimeters can measure heat changes and as well as heat constants such as heat of formation and heat of combustion. Heat of combustion or Hc is the energy released when one mole of a compound is reacted with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water as end products. Theoretically, the heat of combustion can be calculated using the heat of formation of the products and reactants or using the bond enthalpies bonds formed and broken. One of the most widely used calorimeters today, is the bomb calorimeter. 4 A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant volume device which makes the system isolated from the surroundings. It is an excellent device in measuring heat of chemical processes including the heat of combustion. The bomb calorimeter is used to completely burn substances to produce water and CO2 in an excess of oxygen. The heat of combustion released is absorbed by the calorimeter vessel in which the bomb is immersed, and results in a temperature increase ? T. The temperature measuring device in the bomb calorimeter, measures the heat change in the water. The bomb calorimeter uses the following equation to measure heat changes. Q? ?t * e m [1] where Q is the energy involved, ? t is the change in temperature of the system, e is the energy equivalent of the calorimeter, and m is the mass of the sample. In this type, the heat measured for the sample burned at constant volume, qv is the change in internal energy of the substance from its initial to final states. 1The enthalpy change, (the heat of combustion for this process) is related to the internal energy, by the equation below. 2 3 Physical Chemistry 4th edition Atkins Physical Chemistry 8th edition 4 Principles of Chemical Engineering. 7th Edition Page 2 of 11 The enthalpy of combustion can be calculated from the temperature rise, which results when the combustion reaction occurs under adiabatic conditions in a calorimeter. It is important that the reaction in the calorimeter take place rapidly and completely. The objectives of the experiment were to setup and use a bomb calorimeter as well as to obtain the value of the heat of combustion of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose using the bomb calorimeter. and electric heater and has a precision electronic thermometer. Temperatures are measured with a high precision electronic thermometer using a specially designed thermistor sensor sealed in a stainless steel probe which is fixed in the calorimeter cover. Measurements are taken with 0. 0001o resolution over a 20oC to 40oC working range, with all readings shown in Celsius. It has a semi-automatic system for charging the bomb with oxygen. Oxygen from a commercial cylinder is connected to a microprocessor controlled solenoid installed in the calorimeter. In filling the bomb, the filling hose connector slips onto the bomb inlet valve. The filling proceeds automatically at a controlled rate to a pre-set pressure. 5 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1 Equipments used The equipments used were Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter and Parr 6510 Water Handling System.

Ziziphus Mauritiana: Chemical Structure and Uses

Ziziphus Mauritiana: Chemical Structure and Uses Biological source : It consist of fresh leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana. Taxonomical classification : Fig 4 : Ziziphus mauritiana leaf Kingdom : Plant Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Phylum : Tracheophyta Subphylum : Euphyllophytina Division : Magnoliophyta Subdivision : Angiosprm Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Rosidae Order : Rosales Family : Rhamnaceae Tribe : Paliureae Genus : Ziziphus Species : Mauritiana[42] Vernacular Names : Languages Vernacular Names Arabic Beri, Bor, Nabbak El Fil, Nabbak-El-Fil, Nobig, Sidr English Aprin, Baer, Baher, Bahir, Ber, Beri, Bor, Chinee Apple, Indian Plum, Indian-Cherry, Indian-Plum, Jujube, Ma-Tan, Malay-Jujube, Mangustine, Manzana (Apple), Manzanas, Manzanita, Perita Haitiana, Phutsa, Ponsigne, Putrea, Sour Jujube, Tao, Tao Nhuc, Widara, Yunnan Jujube, Yunnan Tamil Elandhai Hindi Ber Sanskrit Ajapriya, Badara, Karkandhu Gujarati Bordi[43] Synonyms : Rhamnus jujube Ziziphus jujube Ziziphus sororia Manasa arborea Ziziphus trinervia Ziziphus orthocantha Ziziphus rotundata Ziziphus abyssinicus Sarcomphalus mauritianus[44]. Growth and distribution : Ziziphus mauritiana, is present usually in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is mainly present in India and is now seen in tropical regions like Africa, Afghanistan, China, Malaysia, Australia and in around Pacific regions. The plant form dense stands and is invasive in some regions like Fiji and Australia. These days it an environmental weed in Northern Australia causing problems. It is grows very fastly with a medium life span, that can quickly reach up to 10–40 ft. tall. The plant is also known as Ziziphus mauritiana Narkeli kul, Ber, Boroi, Dongs, Bor, Beri [45]. Macroscopic characters : Ziziphus mauritiana is a thorny and evergreen shrub. Bark dark grey colour or dull black colour, irregularly fissured. It grows as a compact shrub of 3-4 m tall in severe climatic conditions Leaves are variable, alternate, in 2 rows, oblong elliptic in shape, 2.5-6 x 1.5-5 cm, rounded tip or somewhat notched base; exceptionally wavy-toothed on edges, shiny green and no hairs at the top; dense, whitish, soft hairs underneath. Inflorescence of the plant is axillary cymes, 1-2 cm long, with 7-20 flowers of 2-3mm; peduncles are 2- 3 mm long; greenish colour-yellow colour, indistinctly fragrant; pedicels are 3-8 mm long; calyx with 5 deltoid lobes, hairy outer, glabrous inner; petals are 5 and are subspathulate, concave, reflexed. Fruit is a drupe and globose to ovoid shape, grows 6 x 4 cm in cultivation, usually much smaller when wild; fruit skin is smooth or rough, glossy, thin but tougher, yellowish colour to reddish colour or blackish colour; flesh white, crisp, juicy, sub acid taste to sweet taste, becoming mealy in fully ripe fruits. Seed is a tuberculate and irregularly furrowed stone with 1-2 elliptic brown kernels sssof 6 mm long. The name ‘Ziziphus’ is often erroneously written as Zizyphus [46]. Microscopic characters of leaf : In Z. mauritiana, the abaxial leaf surface was characteristically densely pubescent, with numerous stomata arranged in the interveinal regions, whereas the adaxial surface was glabrous, with comparatively few, sunken stomata. Leaf hairiness, hypostomatous distribution and sunken stomata are all characteristic features of species that exist in droughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ prone regions. Transverse sections from fresh leaf lamina material showed that both Ziziphus species have characteristic C3 anatomy, with an abundance of mucilaginous material exclusively localized in the adaxial epidermal cells which stained intensely with the mucopolysaccharide stain, alcianblue. The mucilageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cell contents also indicates a high polysaccharide content throughout the cell. When stained with the PAS/toluidine blueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ O combination for light microscopy, there was no discernible nucleus, vacuole or cellular organelles in the epidermal mucilage cells, but with numerous starch grains and nuclei clearly visible in the mesophyll parenchyma. Mucilage, produced in Golgi, accumulates initially between the plasmalemma and the cell wall, and after prolonged mucilage deposition, the remaining cytoplasm becomes compressed against the outer periclinal cell wall and degenerates[47]. Fig 5 : Micriscopy of leaf of Z. mauritiana Chemical Constituents : Plant contains crude protein, fat, fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, Sulphur. They also contain ceryl alcohol and the alkaloids, protopine and berberine, quercetin, kaempferol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol, diosgenin. The leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, oses and holosides, mucilages, sterol, triterpenoids, cardiotonic glucosides, and leucoanthocyanes. Plant also contain Protein, Fat, Fiber, Carbohydrates, Reducing Sugars, Non-Reducing Sugars, Ash, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Carotene, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Citric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, Fluoride, Pectin. The fresh fruits also contain some malic and oxalic acid and quercetin. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates ,Sugar, Fiber. Major characteristic constituents aretriterpenes and triterpene saponins, including alphitolic, betulinic, maslinic, oleanolic, ursolic,3-O-trans-alphitolic, 3-O-cis-p-alphitolic, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroylalphitolic, 3-O-trans-pcoumarylalphitolicacids; and zizyphus saponins I, II, III, jujuboside B, spinosin and swertisin[48]. Uses : Traditional uses : The fruits of wild trees are considered cooling, anodyne, astringent,stomachic, stypic tonic. The kernels are reported to have a sedative effect for relief from abxominal pain in pregnancy. They are also given as antidote to aconite – poisoning and used in poultices other application for wounds. The seeds are used as antidiarrhoeal. Leaves are eaten with catechu as astringent. It is regarded as diaphoretic and are prescribed for typhoid in children. They are also used as poultices. In soar throat, a leaf decoction is used as gargle. Paste of leaves and twigs are applied to abcess, boils and curbuncls to promote suppuration and stangury. Bark is sometimes used in india for tanning purposes. A decoction of bark is used in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also used as astringent in gingivitis. Juice of bark is purgative and externally applied to gout rheumatism. Decoction of root is beneficial in fever powder of root is used for old wounds an ulcers[49]. Scientifically proven uses : Antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extracts of leaves has been evaluated on hyperglycaemia induced by oral administration of glucose in rabbits. Anti carcinogenic activity of leaf extract has been evaluated. Extract has showed significant action on cancer cells. Anti ulcer activity also have been evaluated by using anti ulcer models in rats. Survey of literature reveals that plant has been reported for antiteroidogenic, antianxyiolytic, sedative and hypnotic. Also it has antimicrobial and radioprotection[50]. Division of pharmacology, RIPER, ATP.Page 32

With Life Comes Problems :: psu

With Life Comes Problems 1 In today's world there is nobody who can honestly say that they have absolutely no problems or worries in their life. Everyone has something to deal with and things to get over in their life--that's why it's called life. As long as you're alive, you will constantly have to battle the burdens of life that all people encounter. Some are destroyed by the harships [Hostage 50] and others overcome them. In Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" she gives a glimpse at the life of one woman who, for a brief time, felt she would have no more problems, but then is shocked in to [into] death by realizing that her problems were not yet gone. The theme of the story is that you are never really free from the troubles of life until you are dead. 2 The conflicts in the story are ones that we all encounter and deal with until the day we die. In the story there is conflict between Louise (woman) and her husband (man). It said that sometimes she loved her husband, but often she did not (par. 14). This says to me that they did not have a good relationship together, and and were probably constantly battling. [Evidence from the story?] Another conflict would be Mrs. Mallard's life vs. Mr. Mallard's death. [?] Because of Mr. Mallard's suppossed [Hostage 50] death, Louise would now live her life happier and for herself (par. 13). Then, when Mr. Mallard came home, Louise was faced with the conflict of choosing between the freedom she would have had or the repression she would now suffer, from her husband, for the rest of her life if she would stay alive. At the end she, in a way, chooses death over repression. The only true way for her to be free was to die. 3 The symbols in "The Story of an Hour" give a look at the good life and rebirth Louise would have had if Mr. Mallard would have actually been dead. The actual word "mallard" refer to a wild duck. [SV -1] The meaning of "duck," other than the animal, is to avoid a blow. Mrs. Mallard was constantly ducking wildly from her husband's blows, whether mental or physical. [Evidence?] The calm after her storm of grief (par.

“by the Waters of Babylon” vs Epic of Gilgamesh.

â€Å"By the waters of Babylon† Vs Epic of Gilgamesh. A lot of stories concerning religions and cultures have lot of similarities and differences, despite the fact that they are not from the same era of time. Humans used these stories and writings to express their culture and religious views. â€Å"By the Waters of Babylon† is very similar to the writings of the Mesopotamian writings in The Epic of Gilgamesh more specificlay â€Å"The story of the flood† and â€Å"The Return†.These similarities include many gods in both, a unique quality in the characters of both than can include â€Å"born to greatness†, people of both writings lead to their death themselves, John and Gilgamesh Come home with lessons. etc In most of all ancient influences, there are characters in the stories, who are born to some kind of greatness, or we can say, a special type of person.In â€Å"By the Waters of Babylon† when John and his father goes to the dead places, Joh n, explains that only priest can touch metal and are believed to have special powers that no other normal human being would have , â€Å"and then he who touches the metal must be a priest or the son of a priest† (Benet 75). This shows how is John born to greatness, being the son of a priest and can touch metal wherever he wants. The priests are believed to have special powers that no other normal human being would have.This compares to the Epic of Gilgamesh, when Author of Epic of Gilgamesh said â€Å"Two thirds they made him god and one third man† (Prologue). This shows how Gilgamesh was born to greatness by having 1/3 characteristics of man and 2/3 of god and this compares the born to greatness in both the writings . Some religions and cultures believe in one god; monotheistic religions, and others believe in many gods; polytheistic religions.In â€Å"By the Waters of Babylon† Benet’s main character, John, speaks of The Place of the Gods, â€Å"It is f orbidden to cross the great river and look upon the place that was the Place of the Gods –this is most strictly forbidden† (75). When speaking of gods house means multiple gods, this shows that the religion in which John follows is polytheistic and worships many gods. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh speaks of the names of the gods, means a lot of gods ,â€Å"There was Anu, lord of the firmament, their father, and warrior Enlil their counselor, Ninurta the helper, and Ennugi watcher over canals† (N.K. Sandars 25). This shows that the Mesopotamians and people from â€Å"By the Waters of Babylon† were both polytheistic and believed in multiple gods. Almost in all writings there are lessons or message that characters learns in the end ,the same thing happened in our story, where ,Gilgamesh and John both learned lessons in the end of their voyage or journey . In â€Å"By the waters of Babylon† when john returns from the Place of Gods ,â€Å"But they are men who build the city, not dos or demons. †John says â€Å"They are men . I remember a dead man’s face† (Benet 85).This shows how John came home with a message, about the ,City of the Gods, that it is really New York City, and the gods were actually humans, so they have nothing to fear. And on the other side, Gilgamesh also comes home with a lesson which is that immortality is not obtained by some flower or going on a journey but you can be in hearts of the tourists and explorers but making your name fame , which Gilgamesh does but making Uruk’s walls and being in the hearts of people forever. And so, with that it proves a lesson learned in both writings.

Importance of Induction and Orientation Essay

1. Design safer systems of work: The most direct approach to ensuring a safe and healthy workplace is to design systems of work that are safe and without risk to health. This can often only be done satisfactorily at the design, planning or purchasing stage. It may be far more difficult to modify existing machinery or systems of work to eliminate or reduce hazards, than at the investment stage. Thus, management must take cognizance of long-term organizational changes to control hazards. Simply trying to persuade employees, for instance by poster campaigns, to adapt their behavior to unsafe systems of work is unacceptable. ‘Most accidents involve an element of failure in control – in other words failure in management skill. A guiding principle when drawing up arrangements for securing health and safety should be so far as possible work would be adapted to people and not vice versa’. As managers identify processes, machines and substances that are hazardous to the health and well-being of employees, they must modify the process to eliminate or reduce the hazard and risk ‘at source’. The provision of protective equipment is the typical means used by organizations to reduce physical hazards, and it is also an employer responsibility. 2. Exhibit commitment: No matter how much activity on health and safety is initiated by HR professionals, health and safety should be an integral part of every manager’s responsibility, from the chief executive officer down to the lowest level supervisor. Anything less than total support from top management raises questions about sincerity of the organization’s commitment in the eyes of employees, government agencies and the public at large. To exhibit commitment, managers’ salaries and promotion might be tied to a satisfactory safety record and compliance. Larger organizations have also appointed specialists in the area, including health and safety officers, safety engineer and medical technicians. If the safety officer is to be effective she or he must be given adequate authority in the management hierarchy to implement changes. 3. Inspect the workplace: Another proactive approach to the management of health and safety is regular formal inspections of the workplace, regular monitoring of the work environment and regular physical examination of employees. For example, construction sites and manufacturing plants require regular inspections to check the application of safety standards and relevant laws. Organizations may monitor a wide range of matters relating to employees’ health, from routine eye tests and chest X-rays to screening for breast and cervical cancer and incidents of infertility and abnormal childbirths. A ‘health’ survey of employees can also help identify hazardous and unhealthy processes. We can identify three main types of formal inspection, accident, special and general. Accident inspections will follow an accident or dangerous incident in the workplace. Special inspections might concentrate on a particular work station, system of work or hazard. The safety committee might decide that it is necessary to examine the training of fork-lift truck operators or dust problems; this would be the first step in a plan of action. A comprehensive survey of the entire workplace is the purpose of general inspection. 4. Establish procedures and controls: A healthy and safety policy is likely to fail unless there are effective procedures and controls established. The procedures for handling and safety problems need to meet some basic requirements: 1.Allow employees and union representatives to talk directly to the managers who can make decisions. 2.Operate without undue delay.  3.Be able to handle emergency problems and 4.Permit discussion about long-term decisions affecting health and safety. Clearly, these recommendations have important implications for HRM policy and action. Problems might occur if line managers are expected by senior management to be responsible for safe working practices, but at the same time are denied the authority to make decisions and implement changes. In principle, organizational procedures should ensure that the responsibility of each level of management to make decisions. The appointment of a safety officer may be a necessary prerequisite to establishing effective procedures and controls, but it is not sufficient. The position must be placed into the management hierarchy with clear lines of reporting and accountability, which will enable procedures for raising problems to operate without undue delay and avoid other managers absolving themselves from responsibilities. 5. Develop training programs: One way to obtain compliance with health and safety regulations is through enhancing employees’ knowledge, understanding and commitment, which can be achieved through healthy and safety programs. The purpose of safety training is generally the same as that of any other training program: to improve job knowledge and skills and to ensure optimum employee performance at the specified level. In health and safety training, specified performance standards include attention to safety rules and regulations regarding safe work behavior. Like any other training, health and safety training should be developed systematically. First, problems or training needs are identified by inspection, by accident reports, and through discussion at the health and safety committee. Next, planning, execution and evaluation of the training take place. Top management support is a key ingredient in the availability and success of health and safety training. 6. Set up health and safety committees: When health committees are not initiated by the union, organization often have safety committees which have employee members and are chaired by the safety or HRM specialist. Making the committee effective is mainly in the realm of senior management. A safety committee may develop into a ‘talking shop’ with no effective decision-making authority. To avoid this, a senior member of management team, with executive authority, should be a member of the committee. The functions of the committees, their terms of reference, depends on individual company policy, relevant safety legislation and the employee-union relations situation. Employers or their representatives are primarily responsible for compliance with health and safety laws. The existence of this committee does not diminish the employer’s duty to ensure a healthy and safe workplace. The work of the safety committee should supplement management’s arrangements for regular and effective monitoring for health and safety precautions; it cannot be a substitute for management action. All forms of safety matters reduce the incidence of accidents. 7. Monitor policy Safety specialists argue that the safety policy should reflect the employer’s commitment to develop safe systems of work, and to pursue a healthy work environment. Apart from giving details of the specialist safety services provided by the organization, the safety policy also outlines the safety responsibilities of all levels of management within the hierarchy. This part of the safety policy is particularly important for identifying which member of the management hierarchy should be involved when a health and safety problem arises in the workplace. A proactive approach would involve HRM professionals regularly checking to ensure that safety policy; management procedures and arrangements work, and are changed to suit new developments or work structures in the workplace. 8. Draw up action plan Thorough preparation, including designing a comprehensive set of checklists covering all aspects of the workplace, is essential if managers are to discover physical hazards. HRM professionals can be more proactive in the area of health and safety be developing an action plan and checklist.

The Significance of Privilege

Privilege and its significance Privilege is a particular advantage or a particular right which is available for a specific group and or a peculiar individual while opposite to this ; the disadvantage means the group who can non bask those benefits or advantages which the particular group is taking as privilege. In other words, we can state that privilege is a kind of favoritism where one is basking some benefit while the other is non eligible to take that benefit ( Kimberly ; 73 ) . Bing a male, I think that we should non wait for such jurisprudence or we must non propose authorities to go through the policies against favoring but the whole community must work on it to extinguish the construct of favoring. We must hold voice for equality in the society. In article, â€Å"Michael M. vs. Superior Court of Sonoma County† , there was contention non around the instance but around the issue. I feel a review against the suspect that why he charged Michael with statutory colza although it seems a physical colza as it was portraying that Michael forced Sharon until she submitted for the sex. I felt that Michael must non be charged with physical colza because Sharon was besides responsible for the whole bad luck. They drank together ; they left group together, their arousal and their intimacy, it all made the state of affairs of bad luck. By reading this I feel two sorts of privileges were given two Sharon, the first is her gender and the second was age. They both were guilty, but as Michael was of 18 and Sharon was 17, so Sharon was privileged because of her age and Michael was punished merely. Sharon must be punished as she encouraged Michael for this onslaught. This instance is a clear illustration that the privilege is a sort of favoritism. While populating in a same community and society, we do non hold right to know apart our determinations on the footing of age or gender. Both Sharon and Michael must penalize every bit because they were every bit responsible for their Acts of the Apostless. It was right determination to bear down him against the statutory colza but the same determination must be taken for the Sharon as she motivated Michael for the sex. In the instance between Mcleskey V. Kemp, the issue was raised that on the footing of the races, black adult male are punished more often as compared to the white one ( Mcleskey ; 1 ) . We have a clear white privileged over the black disadvantaged in the society of USA. This instance can besides back up my sentiment that privilege is favoritism. While populating in a same society, why two people or group of people is been handling otherwise. White privilege is a set of benefits that white can avail in the same economic, political and societal fortunes but the inkinesss can non avail. This set of benefit includes greater societal position, cultural avowals, and freedom to purchase, drama, move, speak and work freely. White privilege is a sort of racism. I do non state that white people deliberately or accidentally do this favoritism or ache the black one, but they are unfamiliar with their white-color privilege. It is wholly at opportunity that single will be treated as a alone human being but taking into histories the race of a victim or suspect while make up one's minding that if punishment of decease should be imposed. Further, Mcleskey is right that in malice of sing race or colour, it is better to see that what quality does those single posses ( Mcleskey ; 8 ) . Two people may belong to same race but their qualities will be different so in order to convey equality in society, it is of import to detect every individual separately non with the race. By his statements we can state that handling two people otherwise with response to his or her race is besides a privilege for one who will be treated as holding good race over the 1 who is non good in the oculus of judge. In another manner, we can state that this is a racial favoritism where 1 is acquiring benefit over the other. This is why, it is my sentiment that privilege is a sort of favoritism. By taking another illustration of instance held between Rostker v. Goldberg, which was on the determination of the U.S Supreme Court keeping that the pattern of necessitating merely work forces to register for the bill of exchange was constitutional. Robert challenged the bill of exchange enrollment policy of U.S.A. and suit against the manager of Selective service system named Bernard Rostker. After the tribunal Sessionss, it announced that it was legal to register merely work forces for the bill of exchange. Then Robert L. Goldberg challenged in the tribunal that the gender differentiation is unconstitutional for this jurisprudence as it is â€Å"only men† . After 6 to 3 determinations, U.S Supreme tribunal announced that neither this is gender favoritism nor this Act violated the equal protection of Torahs. At the terminal tribunal decided that this Act would remain passed as it is. Although the tribunal does non alter its determination but it is a clear gender based determination where merely work forces will be merely at that place to register for the bill of exchange. In article â€Å"Overcoming Racism in Environmental Decision† , Bullard said that there is a large societal job that is economic and racial minorities are forced to digest the economic loads. Bullard claimed that this environmental unfairness violates societal, geographic, and procedural equity.He besides proposed five basicss of environmental justness to authorities that how to rectify the job. Bullard said that in order to extinguish the ailments of sexism and racism from the society, it is of import to take favoritism from top to down. It can be done by sing the jobs and demands of disadvantaged where necessary and with remarking and reconstituting the universe where would see that how to give benefit to the disadvantaged. Through his survey, it seems clearly that he has believed in it that there is favoritism among different races. I am besides in the same sentiment that society trades different races otherwise which is doing a major rise in the societal ailments. In order to take the societal ailments from the society, it is of import to extinguish favoritism. Bullard survey is really important because of his environmental justness model. There should be â€Å"no forfeit zones† but environmental justness for all. In my sentiment, privilege is merely critical for jurisprudence. The privilege is critical if sound lawful exhortation is to be given in every field. It has a profound centrality in practically every circumstance where lawful counsel is looked for whether it is refering corporate and concern minutess, to household connexions, or to civil prosecution condemnable accusals. Family insider facts, organisation privileged penetrations, peculiar defects and injudiciousnesss all must now and once more be uncovered to the lawyer by the client. Without this benefit clients could ne'er be existent and equip all the important informations that must be given to legal counsellors on the off opportunity that they are to lawfully cheer their clients. It is a constituent that is both indispensable and to a great grade paramount to the working of the legitimate model. It is a consequence of the basic essentiality of the benefit that the burden lawfully rests upon those looking to put aside the benefit to legalize doing such a notable pace. Customer lawful privilege ( CLP ) , often alluded to as â€Å" legitimate proficient benefit † , is a typical jurisprudence right that exists to procure the organisation of equity and the right of people and different elements/associations to get secret counsel about their legitimate fortunes. It secures legitimate advocate given by an lawyer to his or her client ( exhortation benefit ) and interchanges associating to genuine or mulled over suit or tribunal minutess ( prosecution benefit ) . The best possible organisation of equity obliges that clients can talk uninhibitedly and evidently with their lawyer, without trepidation of unveiling any informations pertinent to the lawful counsel they are looking for. It is good comprehended that, without the benefit, legitimate incidents may be postponed or even lost as legal advisers will be unable to suitably talk to their client, or convey pertinent affairs to the consideration of the tribunal. Guaranting pragmatism and genuineness in such correspondences is critical, on the evidences that we live in a complex public sentiment and our Torahs and lawful model are on juncture exceptionally muddled. It is in the public oculus ‘s investing that persons ( numbering organisations ) look for legitimate exhortations about their issues and in looking for counsel don’t hesitate to unveil all important certainties. The multilateral quality of these Torahs is coupled with spread outing dependance on ego ordinance by the group, for case the self rating agreement of appraisal.

ICT and Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ICT and Internet - Essay Example Meeting with friends and social contacts have been greatly intensified through Internet by using E-mail, Internet chat sessions and videophones (Livingstone S, 2002). Edutainment is delivering education and entertainment to children at their doorsteps. While this may be the scenario in the urban elite society, the rural environment is changing in a different way. The rural citizen is also getting well connected in the networked society and a new concept of urban society is taking shape. Earlier, a citizen in the distant area has to travel to pay taxes, bills etc to the government or to receive revenue documents, birth certificate and the like (James Curran, 2005). Internet Protocol (IP) has changed the computer technology, portals are created abiding Internet protocols. Programming has reached a sophisticated stage where programming languages like Java, PHP, Microsoft products like Asp.net, Visual Studio, MS Office were being used to develop web sites and portals that have become an interface between service providers and end users. Travelling portals offer different discounts for different destinations and allow customers to send their feed back via email (Raab, S., Chandra, W, 2005). Community sites Orkut, Facebook and blog sites like Blogspot helped the users not only to be in touch with each but also express their views on different subjects (James Slevin, 1999).